TUGAS D

Rumah adat

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Traditional house in Nias; its post, beam and lintel construction with flexible nail-less joints, and non-load bearing walls are typical of rumah adat

An avenue of houses in a Torajan village

Rumah adat refers to the traditional vernacular architecture of Indonesia. Ethnic groups in Indonesia a often associated with their own distinctive form of rumah adat.^[1] The houses are at the centre of a web of customs, social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths and religions that bind the villagers together. The house provides the main focus for the family and its community, and is the point of departure for many activities of its residents.^[2] Villagers build their own homes, or a community will pool their resources for a structure built under the direction of a master builder and/or a carpenter.^[1] The vast majority of Indonesian’s no longer live in rumah adat, and the numbers have declined rapidly due to economic, technological, and social changes.

Contents

• 1 General form
• 2 Examples
• 3 Decline
• 4 See also
• 5 Notes
• 6 Bibliography

General form

With few exceptions, the peoples of the Indonesian archipelago share a common Austronesian ancestry (originating in Taiwan, c. 6,000 years ago^[3]), and traditional homes of Indonesia share a number of characteristics such as timber construction, varied and elaborate roof structures.^[3] The earliest Austronesian structures were communal longhouses on stilts, with steep sloping roofs and heavy gables, as seen in the Batak rumah adat and the Torajan Tongkonan.^[3] Variations on the communal longhouse principle are found among the Dayak people of Borneo, as well as the Mentawai people.^[3]

A traditional Batak Toba house in North Sumatra

A fishing village of pile houses in the Riau archipelago

The norm is for a post, beam and lintel structural system that take load straight to the ground with either wooden or bamboo walls that are non-load bearing. Traditionally, rather than nails, mortis and tenon joints and wooden pegs are used. Natural materials - timber, bamboo, thatch and fibre - make up rumah adat. Hardwood is generally used for piles and a combination of soft and hard wood is used for the house's upper non-load bearing walls, and are often made of lighter wood or thatch.^[4] The thatch material can be coconut and sugar palm leaves, alang alang grass and rice straw.
Traditional dwellings have developed to respond to natural environmental conditions, particularly Indonesia's hot and wet monsoon climate. As is common throughout South East Asia and the South West Pacific, most rumah adat are built on stilts, with the exception of Java and Bali.^[1] Building houses off the ground on stilts serve a number of purposes: it allows breezes to moderate the hot tropical temperatures; it elevates the dwelling above stormwater runoff and mud; it allows houses to be built on rivers and wetland margins; it keeps people, goods and food from dampness and moisture; lifts living quarters above malaria-carrying mosquitos; and reduces the risk of dry rot and termites.^[5] The sharply inclined roof allows the heavy tropical rain to quickly sheet off, and large overhanging eaves keep water out of the house and provide shade in the heat.^[6] In hot and humid low-lying coastal regions, homes can have many windows providing good cross-ventilation, whereas in cooler mountainous interior areas, homes often have a vast roof and few windows.^[2]